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  2. Intellectual property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property

    The term "intellectual property" began to be used in the 19th century, though it was not until the late 20th century that intellectual property became commonplace in most of the world's legal systems. [6] Supporters of intellectual property laws often describe their main purpose as encouraging the creation of a wide variety of intellectual ...

  3. Patent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent

    The English patent system evolved from its early medieval origins into the first modern patent system that recognised intellectual property in order to stimulate invention; this was the crucial legal foundation upon which the Industrial Revolution could emerge and flourish. [14]

  4. United States patent law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_patent_law

    Although this statement is superficially similar to intellectual property clauses in the constitutions of other countries, the US patent system has several peculiarities: This clause is interpreted as giving the primary IP rights only to individuals (i.e. "inventors") rather than to organizations (see Stanford University v.

  5. Exhaustion of intellectual property rights - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustion_of_intellectual...

    The exhaustion of intellectual property rights constitutes one of the limits of intellectual property (IP) rights. Once a given product has been sold under the authorization of the IP owner, the reselling, rental, lending and other third party commercial uses of IP-protected goods in domestic and international markets are governed by the principle.

  6. Intellectual property infringement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property...

    An intellectual property (IP) infringement is the infringement or violation of an intellectual property right. There are several types of intellectual property rights, such as copyrights, patents, trademarks, industrial designs, plant breeders rights [1] and trade secrets. Therefore, an intellectual property infringement may for instance be one ...

  7. Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung...

    A design patent covering the ornamental design of the iPad was one of the few patents the jury concluded Samsung had not infringed. [29] [30] Several months later, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office tentatively invalidated Apple's patent on bounce-back and pinch-zoom functionality, possibly contradicting the jury's decision at the trial. [31]

  8. Utility model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_model

    A utility model is a patent-like intellectual property right to protect inventions. [1] This type of right is available in many countries but, notably, not in the United States, United Kingdom or Canada.

  9. Background, foreground, sideground and postground ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background,_foreground...

    In the context of research and development (R&D) collaborations, background, foreground, sideground and postground intellectual property (IP) are four distinct forms of intellectual property assets. These are included in the broader and more general categories of knowledge in R&D collaborations or open innovation. While background and ...

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