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The theory is based on the hypothesis that management "manipulates" capital structure such that earnings per share (EPS) are maximized. As a corollary, the CSS theory is seen to provide management with (some) guidance on dividend policy - more directly in fact than other approaches, such as the Walter model and the Gordon model.
[3] [4] Their work borrowed heavily from the theoretical and mathematical ideas found in John Burr Williams 1938 book "The Theory of Investment Value," which put forth the dividend discount model 18 years before Gordon and Shapiro. When dividends are assumed to grow at a constant rate, the variables are: is the current stock price.
The theory was adopted based on observations that many companies will set their long-run target dividends-to-earnings ratios based upon the amount of positive net-present-value projects that they have available. The model then uses two parameters, the target payout ratio and the speed where current dividends adjust to that target:
Under a "Residual dividend policy" - i.e. as contrasted with a "smoothed" payout policy - the firm will use retained profits to finance capital investments if cheaper than the same via equity financing; see again Pecking order theory. Similarly, under the Walter model, dividends are paid only if capital retained will earn a higher return than ...
Trade-off theory of capital structure; Merton model; Tax shield; Dividend policy. Corporate finance § Dividend policy; Walter model; Gordon model; Lintner model; Residuals theory; Signaling hypothesis; Clientele effect; Dividend puzzle; Treasury stock § Buying back shares; Dividend tax; Capital budgeting (valuation) Corporate finance ...
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A generalized version of the Walter model (1956), [6] SPM considers the effects of dividends, earnings growth, as well as the risk profile of a firm on a stock's value. Derived from the compound interest formula using the present value of a perpetuity equation, SPM is an alternative to the Gordon Growth Model. The variables are:
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