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Set point theory can be construed as implying weight regulation in a wide or tight range around the set point, in a symmetric or in an asymmetric manner (i.e. treating weight gain and loss either the same or differently), and may apply to regulation of body fat levels specifically (in a multi-compartment model) or to overall body weight.
Set point (endocrinology), a term encompassing a number of quantities (e.g. body weight, body temperature) where the endocrine system contributes to regulation and homeostasis. Setpoint (control system), the target value that an automatic control system, for example PID controller, will aim to reach; Set point theory, a theory describing how ...
[20] [21] The temperature regulator's set point is reset during infections to produce a fever. [18] [22] [23] Organisms are capable of adjusting somewhat to varied conditions such as temperature changes or oxygen levels at altitude, by a process of acclimatisation. Homeostasis does not govern every activity in the body.
The flat line is the optimal blood sugar level (i.e. the homeostatic set point). Blood sugar levels are balanced by the tug-of-war between 2 functionally opposite hormones, glucagon and insulin. Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in balance.
This places homeostasis as a function within allostasis; however, some argue it is a larger paradigm altogether. [14] Allostasis redefines health and disease beyond the stable measures from lab tests or blood pressure, for example; and expands it to define health as the flexibility of these values.
The set point assumption is a negative feedback mechanism. [23] Two popular set point theories include the glucostatic set point theory and the lipostatic set point theory. The set point theories of hunger and eating present a number of weaknesses. [24] The current epidemic of obesity and eating disorders undermines these theories. [25]
Energy intake is measured by the amount of calories consumed from food and fluids. [1] Energy intake is modulated by hunger, which is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus, [1] and choice, which is determined by the sets of brain structures that are responsible for stimulus control (i.e., operant conditioning and classical conditioning) and cognitive control of eating behavior.
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation.