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The load factor, and in particular its sign, depends not only on the forces acting on the aircraft, but also on the orientation of its vertical axis. During straight and level flight, the load factor is +1 if the aircraft is flown "the right way up", [2]: 90 whereas it becomes −1 if the aircraft is flown "upside-down" (inverted). In both ...
Stresses and strains are of no interest but rotational effects are. A force arrow should lie along the line of force, but where along the line is irrelevant. A force on an extended rigid body is a sliding vector. non-rigid extended. The point of application of a force becomes crucial and has to be indicated on the diagram.
The aerodynamic force is the resultant vector from adding the lift vector, perpendicular to the flow direction, and the drag vector, parallel to the flow direction. Forces on an aerofoil . In fluid mechanics , an aerodynamic force is a force exerted on a body by the air (or other gas ) in which the body is immersed, and is due to the relative ...
Graphs of C L and C D vs. speed are referred to as drag curves. Speed is shown increasing from left to right. Speed is shown increasing from left to right. The lift/drag ratio is given by the slope from the origin to some point on the curve and so the maximum L/D ratio does not occur at the point of least drag coefficient, the leftmost point.
The lift and the drag forces, L and D, are scaled by the same factor to get C L and C D, so L/D = C L /C D. L and D are at right angles, with D parallel to the free stream velocity (the relative velocity of the surrounding distant air), so the resultant force R lies at the same angle to D as the line from the origin of the graph to the ...
A sample CG-moment envelope chart, showing that a loaded plane weighing 2,367 lb (1,074 kg) with a moment of 105,200 lb⋅in (11886 N⋅m) is within the "normal category" envelope. Center of gravity (CG) is calculated as follows: Determine weights and arms for all mass within the aircraft. Multiply weights by arms for all mass to calculate moments.
Figure 7.1 Plane stress state in a continuum. In continuum mechanics, a material is said to be under plane stress if the stress vector is zero across a particular plane. When that situation occurs over an entire element of a structure, as is often the case for thin plates, the stress analysis is considerably simplified, as the stress state can be represented by a tensor of dimension 2 ...
The external body forces will appear as the independent ("right-hand side") term in the differential equations, while the concentrated forces appear as boundary conditions. An external (applied) surface force, such as ambient pressure or friction, can be incorporated as an imposed value of the stress tensor across that surface.