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Secondary storage is non-volatile (retaining data when its power is shut off). Modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage because secondary storage is less expensive. In modern computers, hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are usually used as secondary storage.
Off-line bulk storage – Tertiary and Off-line storage. This is a general memory hierarchy structuring. Many other structures are useful. For example, a paging algorithm may be considered as a level for virtual memory when designing a computer architecture, and one can include a level of nearline storage between online and offline storage.
Non-volatile memory is typically used for the task of secondary storage or long-term persistent storage. The most widely used form of primary storage today [ as of? ] is a volatile form of random access memory (RAM), meaning that when the computer is shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost.
The term memory is often synonymous with the terms RAM, main memory, or primary storage. Archaic synonyms for main memory include core (for magnetic core memory) and store. [3] Main memory operates at a high speed compared to mass storage which is slower but less expensive per bit and higher
Volatile memory has several uses including as primary storage. In addition to usually being faster than forms of mass storage such as a hard disk drive , volatility can protect sensitive information, as it becomes unavailable on power-down.
An illustration of the write amplification phenomenon in flash-based storage devices. Over time, advancements in central processing unit (CPU) speed has driven innovation in secondary storage technology. [7] One such innovation, flash memory, is a non-volatile storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
In computer operating systems, memory paging (or swapping on some Unix-like systems) is a memory management scheme by which a computer stores and retrieves data from secondary storage [a] for use in main memory. [1] In this scheme, the operating system retrieves data from secondary storage in same-size blocks called pages.
A variety of standard sizes of primary cells. From left: 4.5V multicell battery, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9V multicell battery, (top) LR44, (bottom) CR2032 A primary battery or primary cell is a battery (a galvanic cell) that is designed to be used once and discarded, and it is not rechargeable unlike a secondary cell (rechargeable battery).