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Dilation and constriction of the pupil. Pupillary response is a physiological response that varies the size of the pupil, via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve.. A constriction response (), [1] is the narrowing of the pupil, which may be caused by scleral buckles or drugs such as opiates/opioids or anti-hypertension medications.
Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil connect to the pretectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves .
Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, usually having a non-physiological cause, [3] or sometimes a physiological pupillary response. [4] Non-physiological causes of mydriasis include disease, trauma, or the use of certain types of drug. It may also be of unknown cause.
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. It’s characterized by having sudden, repeated episodes of panic or fear that often happen with physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating.
Tonic pupil is characterized by delayed dilation of iris especially after near stimulus, segmental iris constriction, and sensitivity of pupil to a weak solution of pilocarpine. Oculomotor nerve palsy : Ischemia, intracranial aneurysm , demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis ), head trauma, and brain tumors are the most common causes ...
In some neurological disorders, the pupil does not react to light, but it does react to accommodation. This is called “light-near dissociation” . In Adie syndrome , damage involving the ciliary ganglion manifests light-near dissociation and a tonically dilated pupil (usually on the same side).
With 15.5 million U.S. adults currently diagnosed with ADHD, there is a growing focus on warning signs of the disorder. Mental health experts share the most common signs and symptoms.
Anxiety disorders affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives, with an estimated 4% of the global population currently experiencing an anxiety disorder. However, anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available. [11] Most people are able to lead normal, productive lives with some form of treatment ...