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The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the most fatal pandemics in human history; as many as 50 million people [2] perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. [3] The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas and through the air.
The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. [55] Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. [56] Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 to it in 1620–1621, and again in 1654–1657, 1665, 1691, and 1740–1742. [57]
Plague of 746–747 (part of first plague pandemic) 746–747 Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa Bubonic plague: Unknown [45] Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic) 1346–1353 Eurasia and North Africa: Bubonic plague: 75–200 million (30–60% of European population and 33% percent of the Middle Eastern population) [49]
Over the following decades the plague would return—on a national or a regional level—at intervals of five to 12 years, with gradually dwindling death tolls. Then, in the decades from 1430 to 1480, the disease returned in force.
The mortality rate for the plague was 70–80% and in the first four years of the plague in Europe, roughly 20 million people died. [ 7 ] The main form of the Black Death was bubonic plague, however, there were other forms such as septicemic plague which infected the bloodstream, and pneumonic plague which infected the lungs.
The Black Death first originated in Kyrgyzstan, in central Asia, in the late 1330s, spreading rapidly to devastate the Middle East and Europe.
But the disease—nicknamed the “Black Death” or “Great Pestilence”—that killed more than 25 million people, about a third of Europe, in medieval times is very much still with us today.
The Black Death in Europe and the Kamakura Takeover in Japan As Causes of Religious Reform (2011) Meiss, Millard. Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death: the arts, religion, and society in the Mid-fourteenth century (Princeton University Press, 1978) Platt, Colin. King Death: The Black Death and Its Aftermath in Late Medieval ...