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Sense-for-sense translation is the oldest norm for translating. It fundamentally means translating the meaning of each whole sentence before moving on to the next, and stands in normative opposition to word-for-word translation (also known as literal translation ).
word-sense disambiguation – the task of automatically associating a sense with a word in context; lexical substitution – the task of replacing a word in context with a lexical substitute; sememe – unit of meaning; linguistics – the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. sense and reference
Homophonic translation renders a text in one language into a near-homophonic text in another language, usually with no attempt to preserve the original meaning of the text. For example, the English "sat on a wall" / ˌ s æ t ɒ n ə ˈ w ɔː l / is rendered as French "s'étonne aux Halles" [setɔn o al] (literally "gets surprised at the Paris ...
The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (c. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur —an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be ...
Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.
In semantics, the best-known types of semantic equivalence are dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence (two terms coined by Eugene Nida), which employ translation approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the meaning of the source text; and that lend greater importance to preserving, in the translation, the literal structure of the source text.
Oil prices bounced around quite a bit in 2024. They rallied more than 20% at one point -- topping $85 per barrel -- before cooling off toward the end of the year.
Word-sense disambiguation is the process of identifying which sense of a word is meant in a sentence or other segment of context. In human language processing and cognition , it is usually subconscious.