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Spitzer Manuscript folio 383 fragment. This Sanskrit text was written on both sides of the palm leaf (recto and verso). [1]The Spitzer Manuscript is the oldest surviving philosophical manuscript in Sanskrit, [2] [3] and possibly the oldest discovered Sanskritic manuscript of any type related to Buddhism and Hinduism.
An extreme case is the Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda: the earliest parts of this text date to c. 1500 BC, [1] while the oldest known manuscripts date to c. 1040 AD. [2] Similarly the oldest Avestan texts, the Gathas , are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the 13th century AD.
Dated to the 1st-century BCE, the Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions are among the oldest known Sanskrit inscriptions in Brahmi script from the Hindu tradition of ancient India, particularly Vaishnavism. [1] [2] Some scholars, such as Jan Gonda, have dated these to the 2nd century BCE. [3] [4]
Their use continued until the 19th century when printing presses replaced hand-written manuscripts. [2] One of the oldest surviving palm leaf manuscripts of a complete treatise is a Sanskrit Shaivism text from the 9th century, discovered in Nepal, and now preserved at the Cambridge University Library. [3]
One of the oldest Hindu Sanskrit [z] inscriptions, the broken pieces of this early-1st-century BCE Hathibada Brahmi Inscription were discovered in Rajasthan. It is a dedication to deities Vāsudeva-Samkarshana (Krishna-Balarama) and mentions a stone temple. [139] [267] The Brahmi script for writing Sanskrit is a "modified consonant-syllabic ...
The Rigveda is the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text. [6] Its early layers are among the oldest extant texts in any Indo-European language. [7] [note 2] The sounds and texts of the Rigveda have been orally transmitted since the 2nd millennium BCE.
In India, Buddhist texts were often written in classical Sanskrit as well as in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (also known as "Buddhistic Sanskrit" and "Mixed Sanskrit"). [ 113 ] [ 114 ] While the earliest Buddhist texts were composed and transmitted in Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrits , later Indian Buddhists translated their canonical works into Sanskrit ...
Essential collections of teachings of Shakyamuni Buddha, as written by his followers, three centuries later. Tripiṭaka: Puranas: Historic texts (usually about a royal lineage or local legends) - written by court-appointed historians. Usually contrasted with historical descriptions in vedas, brahmanas, etc., that are written by priests.