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In finance, the Black–Litterman model is a mathematical model for portfolio allocation developed in 1990 at Goldman Sachs by Fischer Black and Robert Litterman. It seeks to overcome problems that institutional investors have encountered in applying modern portfolio theory in practice.
Robert Bruce Litterman (born 1951) is chairman of the Risk Committee and a founding partner of Kepos Capital in New York. Prior to Kepos Capital, Litterman spent 23 years at Goldman Sachs , where he was head of the Quantitative Resources Group in Goldman Sachs Asset Management for 11 years, starting in 1998.
Black–Litterman model optimization is an extension of unconstrained Markowitz optimization that incorporates relative and absolute 'views' on inputs of risk and returns from. The model is also extended by assuming that expected returns are uncertain, and the correlation matrix in this case can differ from the correlation matrix between returns.
As regards portfolio optimization, the Black–Litterman model [49] departs from the original Markowitz model – i.e. of constructing portfolios via an efficient frontier. Black–Litterman instead starts with an equilibrium assumption, and is then modified to take into account the 'views' (i.e., the specific opinions about asset returns) of ...
Black–Litterman model; Universal portfolio algorithm; Markowitz model; Treynor–Black model; Financial markets ... CFA Institute; Chartered Alternative Investment ...
Fischer Sheffey Black (January 11, 1938 – August 30, 1995) was an American economist, best known as one of the authors of the Black–Scholes equation. Working variously at the University of Chicago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and at Goldman Sachs, Black died two years before the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (which is not given posthumously) was awarded to his ...
The CFA Institute is a recognized Educational Institution by Revenu Quebec; CFA Charter-holders are legally recognized by the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) as qualifying for the position of portfolio manager, investment counsel, adviser in derivatives & commodity futures, exchange contracts and for the position of securities adviser ...
Long-Term Capital Management L.P. (LTCM) was a highly leveraged hedge fund.In 1998, it received a $3.6 billion bailout from a group of 14 banks, in a deal brokered and put together by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.