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Bureaucracy (/ b j ʊəˈr ɒ k r ə s i /; bure-OK-rə-see) is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials. [1] Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. [ 2 ]
Term Description Examples Autocracy: Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).
Bureaucracy can exist only where the whole service of the state is removed from the common political life of the people, its chiefs as well as its rank and file. Its motives, its objects, its policy, its standards, must be bureaucratic.
This type of authority has the confidence to leave the right of leaders to undertake the decisions and set the policy. Rational-legal authority is the basis of modern democracies. Examples of this type of authority: officials elected by voters, rules that are in the constitution, or policies that are written in a formal document.
The Administrative State is Dwight Waldo's classic public administration text based on a dissertation written at Yale University.In the book, Waldo argues that democratic states are underpinned by professional and political bureaucracies and that scientific management and efficiency is not the core idea of government bureaucracy, but rather it is service to the public.
Building upon economic theory, public choice has a few core tenets. One is that no decision is made by an aggregate whole. Rather, decisions are made by combined individual choices. A second is the use of markets in the political system. [8] A third is the self-interested nature of everyone in a political system.
Diagram of the dynamics of the Iron Triangle of United States politics [1]. In United States politics, the "iron triangle" comprises the policy-making relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy, and interest groups, [2] as described in 1981 by Gordon Adams.
The term representative bureaucracy is generally attributed to J. Donald Kingsley's book titled Representative Bureaucracy that was published in 1944. In his book, Kingsley calls for a " liberalization of social class selection for the English bureaucracy," due to the "Dominance of social, political, and economic elites within the British bureaucracy" which he claimed resulted in programs and ...