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  2. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

    An X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized enzyme. The pattern of spots (reflections) and the relative strength of each spot (intensities) can be used to determine the structure of the enzyme. The relative intensities of the reflections provides information to determine the arrangement of molecules within the crystal in atomic detail.

  3. X-ray diffraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction

    X-ray diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of X-ray beams due to interactions with the electrons around atoms. It occurs due to elastic scattering , when there is no change in the energy of the waves.

  4. Rietveld refinement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietveld_refinement

    Rietveld refinement is a technique described by Hugo Rietveld for use in the characterisation of crystalline materials. The neutron and X-ray diffraction of powder samples results in a pattern characterised by reflections (peaks in intensity) at certain positions.

  5. Powder diffraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_diffraction

    This is directly related to the fact that information is lost by the collapse of the 3D space onto a 1D axis. Nevertheless, powder X-ray diffraction is a powerful and useful technique in its own right. It is mostly used to characterize and identify phases, and to refine details of an already known structure, rather than solving unknown structures.

  6. X-ray scattering techniques - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_scattering_techniques

    This is an X-ray diffraction pattern formed when X-rays are focused on a crystalline material, in this case a protein. Each dot, called a reflection, forms from the coherent interference of scattered X-rays passing through the crystal.

  7. Small-angle X-ray scattering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-angle_X-ray_scattering

    Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a small-angle scattering technique by which nanoscale density differences in a sample can be quantified. This means that it can determine nanoparticle size distributions, resolve the size and shape of (monodisperse) macromolecules, determine pore sizes, characteristic distances of partially ordered materials, and much more. [1]

  8. X-ray reflectivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_reflectivity

    X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers.

  9. Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray...

    Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is an analytical technique for characterizing materials. It differs from conventional X-ray diffraction by using polychromatic photons as the source and is usually operated at a fixed angle. [1] With no need for a goniometer, EDXRD is able to collect full diffraction patterns very quickly.