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Both children and adults can develop glomerulosclerosis, which can result in different types of kidney conditions. One frequently encountered type of glomerulosclerosis is caused by diabetes. Drug use or infections may cause focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a very chronic kidney condition.
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) refers to kidney disease developing in association with infection by human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS.The most common, or "classical", type of HIV-associated nephropathy is a collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), though other forms of kidney disease may also occur. [1]
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis caused by deposits in the kidney glomerular mesangium and basement membrane thickening, [2] activating the complement system and damaging the glomeruli. MPGN accounts for approximately 4% of primary renal causes of nephrotic syndrome in children and 7% in adults. [3]
Lupus nephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus which is a more severe form of SLE that develops in children up to 18 years old; both are autoimmune diseases. [3] [4] It is a type of glomerulonephritis in which the glomeruli become inflamed.
Glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation and thinning of the glomerular basement membrane and the occurrence of small pores in the podocytes of the glomerulus. These pores become large enough to permit both proteins and red blood cells to pass into the urine (yielding proteinuria and hematuria , respectively).
Genetic disorders: congenital nephrotic syndrome is a rare genetic disorder in which the protein nephrin, a component of the glomerular filtration barrier, is altered. Drugs ( e.g. gold salts, penicillin , captopril ): [ 25 ] gold salts can cause a more or less important loss of proteins in urine as a consequence of metal accumulation.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histopathologic finding of scarring of glomeruli and damage to renal podocytes. [2] [3] This process damages the filtration function of the kidney, resulting in protein presence in the urine due to protein loss. [3]
In children, the administration of multiple blood transfusions has been shown to decrease overall kidney damage, but it is unclear how long this effect lasts. [1] Maintaining good hydration is important in those with SCN because of the risk of dehydration from increased urination and there is a major concern of sickle cell crisis that can be ...