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This timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological record of the development of humanity's understanding of the cosmos over the last two-plus millennia. Modern cosmological ideas follow the development of the scientific discipline of physical cosmology .
The multiverse theory may be dressed up in scientific language, but in essence, it requires the same leap of faith. — Paul Davies, "A Brief History of the Multiverse", The New York Times George Ellis , writing in August 2011, provided a criticism of the multiverse, and pointed out that it is not a traditional scientific theory.
Paul Steinhardt, who produced the first example of eternal inflation, [1] eventually became a strong and vocal opponent of the theory. He argued that the multiverse represented a breakdown of the inflationary theory, because, in a multiverse, any outcome is equally possible, so inflation makes no predictions and, hence, is untestable.
A cyclic model (or oscillating model) is any of several cosmological models in which the universe follows infinite, or indefinite, self-sustaining cycles. For example, the oscillating universe theory briefly considered by Albert Einstein in 1930 theorized a universe following an eternal series of oscillations, each beginning with a Big Bang and ending with a Big Crunch; in the interim, the ...
The discovery of flux compactifications opened the way for reconciling inflation and string theory. [119] Brane inflation suggests that inflation arises from the motion of D-branes [120] in the compactified geometry, usually towards a stack of anti-D-branes. This theory, governed by the Dirac–Born–Infeld action, is different from ordinary ...
The timeline begins at the Bronze Age, as it is difficult to give even estimates for the timing of events prior to this, such as of the discovery of counting, natural numbers and arithmetic. To avoid overlap with timeline of historic inventions , the timeline does not list examples of documentation for manufactured substances and devices unless ...
5th century BC — Democritus proposes that the bright band in the night sky known as the Milky Way might consist of stars. 4th century BC — Aristotle believes the Milky Way to be caused by "the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together" and that the "ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which ...
In the early 19th century prior to Darwinism, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) proposed his theory of the transmutation of species, the first fully formed theory of evolution. In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory, explained in detail in Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859).