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Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy is an economic activity involving the use of biotechnology and biomass in the production of goods, services, or energy. The terms are widely used by regional development agencies, national and international organizations, and biotechnology companies.
Adaptive capacity relates to the capacity of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences. [1] In the context of ecosystems , adaptive capacity is determined by genetic diversity of species , biodiversity of particular ecosystems in specific ...
An example would be a cellphone as it only one person may use it, making it rivalrous, and it has to be purchased, which makes it excludable. Common property or collective property is excludable and rivalrous. Not to be confused with common property in reference to economics, this is in reference to law.
Productive capacity is the maximum possible output of an economy. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), no agreed-upon definition of maximum output exists. UNCTAD itself proposes: "the productive resources , entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages which together determine the capacity of a ...
The formal definition of the term is the "capacity of social, economic and ecosystems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance". [13]: 7 For example, climate resilience can be the ability to recover from climate-related shocks such as floods and droughts. [14]
The two great economic revolutions that marked human history up to 1900—the agricultural and industrial revolutions—greatly increased the Earth's human carrying capacity, allowing human population to grow from 5 to 10 million people in 10,000 BCE to 1.5 billion in 1900. [44]
There are multiple dimensions of state capacity, as well as varied indicators of state capacity. [10] [11] In studies that use state capacity as a causal variable, it has frequently been measured as the ability to tax, provide public goods, enforce property rights, achieve economic growth or hold a monopoly on the use of force within a territory.
Resource competition can vary from completely symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size, known also as scramble competition) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource).