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The Metacode extension to C++ (Vandevoorde 2003) [1] was an early experimental system to allow compile-time function evaluation (CTFE) and code injection as an improved syntax for C++ template metaprogramming. In earlier versions of C++, template metaprogramming is often used to compute values at compile time, such as:
The global optimum of this objective function corresponds to a factorial code represented in a distributed fashion across the outputs of the feature detectors. Painsky, Rosset and Feder (2016, 2017) further studied this problem in the context of independent component analysis over finite alphabet sizes. Through a series of theorems they show ...
The use of templates as a metaprogramming technique requires two distinct operations: a template must be defined, and a defined template must be instantiated.The generic form of the generated source code is described in the template definition, and when the template is instantiated, the generic form in the template is used to generate a specific set of source code.
int counter = 5; int factorial = 1; do {factorial *= counter--; /* Multiply, then decrement. */} while (counter > 0); printf ("factorial of 5 is %d \n ", factorial); Do-while(0) statements are also commonly used in C macros as a way to wrap multiple statements into a regular (as opposed to compound) statement.
In this particular example, if factorial is first invoked with 5, and then invoked later with any value less than or equal to five, those return values will also have been memoized, since factorial will have been called recursively with the values 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0, and the return values for each of those will have been stored. If it is then ...
Dim counter As Integer = 5 ' init variable and set value Dim factorial As Integer = 1 ' initialize factorial variable Do While counter > 0 factorial = factorial * counter counter = counter-1 Loop ' program goes here, until counter = 0 'Debug.Print factorial ' Console.WriteLine(factorial) in Visual Basic .NET
exponents in expressions such as (f(x) ** 2 + f(y) ** 2) ** 0.5 for () + The constants 1 and 0 are sometimes used to represent the Boolean values true and false in programming languages without a Boolean type, such as older versions of C. Most modern programming languages provide a boolean or bool primitive type and so the use of 0 and 1 is ill ...
For example, the template base class in the Factorial example below is implemented by matching 0 rather than with an inequality test, which was previously unavailable. However, the arrival in C++11 of standard library features such as std::conditional has provided another, more flexible way to handle conditional template instantiation.