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It can occur through walls, roofs, or through openings (e.g. window reveals). [1] Water will often penetrate the outer envelope of a building and appear inside. Common defects include: Roof defects such as faulty flashing, cracked or missing slates or tiles. Faults in the brickwork or masonry such as missing or cracked pointing. Porous bricks ...
In addition, the DPC may be sealed to the DPM around the outside edges of the ground floor, completely sealing the inside of the building from the damp ground around it. In a masonry cavity wall, there is usually a DPC in both the outer and inner wall. [8] In the outer wall it is normally 150 millimetres (5.9 in) to 200 mm (7.9 in) above ground ...
Masonry walls are built with a damp-proof course to prevent rising damp, and the concrete in foundations needs to be damp-proofed or waterproofed with a liquid coating, basement waterproofing membrane (even under the concrete slab floor where polyethylene sheeting is commonly used), or an additive to the concrete.
Types of wall systems with regard to water penetration are barrier, drainage and surface-sealed walls. [5] Barrier walls are designed to allow water to be absorbed but not penetrate the wall, and include concrete and some masonry walls. Drainage walls allow water that leaks into the wall to drain out such as cavity walls.
In poured concrete foundations, cracks and pipe penetrations are the most common entry points for seepage. These openings can be sealed from the interior. Epoxies , which are strong adhesives, or urethanes can be pressure injected into the openings, thus penetrating the foundation through to the exterior and cutting off the path of the seepage.
In most climates it is often better to have a vapor-open building assembly, meaning that walls and roofs should be designed to dry: [6] either to the inside, the outside, or both, so the ventilation of water vapor should be taken into consideration. A vapor barrier on the warm side of the envelope must be combined with a venting path on the ...
A slurry wall is a civil engineering technique used to build reinforced concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high groundwater table. [1] This technique is typically used to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surrounding tunnels and open cuts, and to lay foundations .
When it reacts with concrete, it causes the slab to expand, lifting, distorting and cracking as well as exerting a pressure onto the surrounding walls which can cause movements significantly weakening the structure. Some infill materials frequently encountered in building fondations and causing sulfate attack are the following: [2] Red Ash