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A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages.
The rate of a block code is defined as the ratio between its message length and its block length: = /. A large rate means that the amount of actual message per transmitted block is high.
A Reed–Solomon code (like any MDS code) is able to correct twice as many erasures as errors, and any combination of errors and erasures can be corrected as long as the relation 2E + S ≤ n − k is satisfied, where is the number of errors and is the number of erasures in the block.
Proof. We need to prove that if you add a burst of length to a codeword (i.e. to a polynomial that is divisible by ()), then the result is not going to be a codeword (i.e. the corresponding polynomial is not divisible by ()).
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Fox News host Laura Ingraham says a "real president answers questions" as she reflects on President-elect Donald Trump's openness with the media on "The Ingraham Angle."
For example, if we observe p = 0.05 in a single experiment, we would have to be 87% certain that there as a real effect before the experiment was done to achieve a false positive risk of 5%. Receiver operating characteristic
Socially unrestricted male and female high school students were found to report being more subject to sexual harassment as well as sexually harassing others. [5] From this, it is possible that being subject to sexual over-perception may explain the link between socio-sexuality and being subject to sexual harassment .