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Label-free real-time techniques provide the kinetics of the cytotoxic response rather than just a snapshot like many colorimetric endpoint assays. Material that has been determined as cytotoxic, typically biomedical waste, is often marked with a symbol that consists of a capital letter "C" inside a triangle. [7] [8]
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. [1] Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.In contrast, excretion is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism.
A biological hazard, or biohazard, is a biological substance that poses a threat (or is a hazard) to the health of living organisms, primarily humans.This could include a sample of a microorganism, virus or toxin that can adversely affect human health.
Hazard symbols may vary in color, background, borders, or accompanying text to indicate specific dangers and levels of risk, such as toxicity classes. These symbols provide a quick, universally understandable visual warning that transcends language barriers, making them more effective than text-based warnings in many situations.
CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) is a protein complex and T cell co-receptor that is involved in activating both the cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ naive T cells) and T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells). [1] It is composed of four distinct chains. In mammals, the complex contains a CD3γ chain, a CD3δ chain, and two CD3ε chains.
Cytotoxic T cells are powerful agents of cellular immunity. Cellular immunity , also known as cell-mediated immunity , is an immune response that does not rely on the production of antibodies . Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes , antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes , and the release of various cytokines in ...
A colicin is a type of bacteriocin produced by and toxic to some strains of Escherichia coli. [1] Colicins are released into the environment to reduce competition from other bacterial strains.