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Although laccase is known to crosslink AX, under the microscope it was found that the laccase also acted on the flour proteins. Oxidation of the ferulic acid on AX to form ferulic acid radicals increased the oxidation rate of free SH groups on the gluten proteins and thus influenced the formation of S-S bonds between gluten polymers. [ 13 ]
Laccase EC 1.10.3.2 (urishiol oxidase), a 3-domain enzyme found in fungi and plants, which oxidizes different phenols and diamines. CueO is a laccase found in Escherichia coli that is involved in copper-resistance. [4] Ascorbate oxidase EC 1.10.3.3, a 3-domain enzyme found in higher plants.
It is formed by oxidation of pentagalloyl glucose in Tellima grandiflora by the enzyme pentagalloylglucose: O(2) oxidoreductase, a laccase-type phenol oxidase. [2] It is further oxidized to casuarictin, a molecule formed via oxidative dehydrogenation of 2 other galloyl groups in Casuarina and Stachyurus species. [3]
Peroxidase activity is measured by running the phenol oxidase assay concurrently with another assay with L-DOPA and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) added to every sample. [48] The difference in measurements between the two assays is indicative of peroxidase activity. Enzyme assays typically apply proxies that reveal exo-acting activities of enzymes.
Laccase, a multi-copper oxidase, is often considered a subclass of polyphenol oxidase. [50] Laccase and polyphenol oxidase differ in the type of substrates that they catalyse. Catachol oxidase (a type of polyphenol oxidase) catalyses the oxidation of ortho -diphenols to ortho -quinones.
[41] [42] Though the metabolic degradation pathways are not fully understood, enzymes including phenoloxidase laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) and laccase-like enzymes are involved in the oxidation of aromatic substrates. [40] [43] [44] These exoenzymes can be potentially applied in the environmental degradation of phenolic pollutants.
Panus conchatus contains a laccase, a polyphenol oxidase enzyme. These enzymes have potential in industrial applications for pulp bleaching, wastewater treatment in mills, and removal of phenolic compounds in the food industry. Most laccases have an active site containing four copper molecules, and are known as blue copper phenol oxidases.
In female elephants, the two compounds 3-ethyl phenol and 2-ethyl 4,5 dimethylphenol have been detected in urine samples. [70] Temporal glands secretion examination showed the presence of phenol, m-cresol and p-cresol (4-methyl phenol) during musth in male elephants. [71] [72] [73] p-Cresol and o-cresol are also components of the human sweat.