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  2. Random variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_variable

    A random variable is a measurable function: from a sample space as a set of possible outcomes to a measurable space.The technical axiomatic definition requires the sample space to be a sample space of a probability triple (,,) (see the measure-theoretic definition).

  3. Randomness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness

    Individual random events are, by definition, unpredictable, but if there is a known probability distribution, the frequency of different outcomes over repeated events (or "trials") is predictable. [ note 1 ] For example, when throwing two dice , the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will tend to occur twice as ...

  4. Probability theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

    Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability.Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms.

  5. Characteristic function (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_function...

    If a random variable X has a probability density function then the characteristic function is its Fourier transform with sign reversal in the complex exponential [3] [page needed]. [4] This convention for the constants appearing in the definition of the characteristic function differs from the usual convention for the Fourier transform. [5]

  6. Statistical randomness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_randomness

    In a "truly" random sequence of numbers of sufficient length, for example, it is probable there would be long sequences of nothing but repeating numbers, though on the whole the sequence might be random. Local randomness refers to the idea that there can be minimum sequence lengths in which random distributions are approximated. Long stretches ...

  7. Random number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number

    A random number is generated by a random process such as throwing Dice. Individual numbers can't be predicted, but the likely result of generating a large quantity of numbers can be predicted by specific mathematical series and statistics .

  8. Randomization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomization

    Randomization is a statistical process in which a random mechanism is employed to select a sample from a population or assign subjects to different groups. [1] [2] [3] The process is crucial in ensuring the random allocation of experimental units or treatment protocols, thereby minimizing selection bias and enhancing the statistical validity. [4]

  9. Martingale (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martingale_(probability...

    The term "martingale" was introduced later by Ville (1939), who also extended the definition to continuous martingales. Much of the original development of the theory was done by Joseph Leo Doob among others. Part of the motivation for that work was to show the impossibility of successful betting strategies in games of chance.