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  2. De Morgan's laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan's_laws

    The complement of the intersection of two sets is the same as the union of their complements; or not (A or B) = (not A) and (not B) not (A and B) = (not A) or (not B) where "A or B" is an "inclusive or" meaning at least one of A or B rather than an "exclusive or" that means exactly one of A or B. De Morgan's law with set subtraction operation

  3. Conditional probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability

    P(A|B) may or may not be equal to P(A), i.e., the unconditional probability or absolute probability of A. If P(A|B) = P(A), then events A and B are said to be independent: in such a case, knowledge about either event does not alter the likelihood of each other. P(A|B) (the conditional probability of A given B) typically differs from P(B|A).

  4. Chain rule (probability) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule_(probability)

    In probability theory, the chain rule [1] (also called the general product rule [2] [3]) describes how to calculate the probability of the intersection of, not necessarily independent, events or the joint distribution of random variables respectively, using conditional probabilities.

  5. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    The opposite or complement of an event A is the event [not A] (that is, the event of A not occurring), often denoted as ′,, ¯,,, or ; its probability is given by P(not A) = 1 − P(A). [31] As an example, the chance of not rolling a six on a six-sided die is 1 – (chance of rolling a six) = 1 − ⁠ 1 / 6 ⁠ = ⁠ 5 / 6 ⁠ .

  6. Boole's inequality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boole's_inequality

    P( at least one estimation is bad) = 0.05 ≤ P( A 1 is bad) + P( A 2 is bad) + P( A 3 is bad) + P( A 4 is bad) + P( A 5 is bad) One way is to make each of them equal to 0.05/5 = 0.01, that is 1%. In other words, you have to guarantee each estimate good to 99%( for example, by constructing a 99% confidence interval) to make sure the total ...

  7. Intersection (set theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory)

    So the intersection of the empty family should be the universal set (the identity element for the operation of intersection), [4] but in standard set theory, the universal set does not exist. However, when restricted to the context of subsets of a given fixed set X {\displaystyle X} , the notion of the intersection of an empty collection of ...

  8. Buffon's needle problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon's_needle_problem

    For simplicity in the algebraic formulation ahead, let a = b = t = 2l such that the original result in Buffon's problem is P(A) = P(B) = ⁠ 1 / π ⁠. Furthermore, let N = 100 drops. Now let us examine P ( AB ) for Laplace's result, that is, the probability the needle intersects both a horizontal and a vertical line.

  9. Independence (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability...

    Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes.Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent [1] if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect the odds.