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When a propeller is added to a ship its performance is altered; there is the mechanical losses in the transmission of power; a general increase in total resistance; and the hull also impedes and renders non-uniform the flow through the propeller. The ratio between a propeller's efficiency attached to a ship and in open water (′) is termed ...
The advance ratio is critical for determining the efficiency of a propeller. At different advance ratios, the propeller may produce more or less thrust. Engineers use this ratio to optimize the design of the propeller and the engine, ensuring that the vehicle operates efficiently at its intended cruising speed, see propeller theory.
Propulsive efficiency comparison for various gas turbine engine configurations. The calculation is somewhat different for reciprocating and turboprop engines which rely on a propeller for propulsion since their output is typically expressed in terms of power rather than thrust. The equation for heat added per unit time, Q, can be adopted as ...
P R curve for the light aircraft with the drag curve above and weighing 2000 kg, with a wing area of 15 m² and a propeller efficiency of 0.8. W = (ρ/2).S.V 2.C L and P R = (ρ/2η).S.V 3.C D. The extra factor of V /η, with η the propeller efficiency, in the second equation enters because P R = (required thrust)× V /η. Power rather than ...
The propeller characteristics are commonly expressed as dimensionless ratios: [31] Pitch ratio PR = propeller pitch/propeller diameter, or P/D; Disk area A 0 = πD 2 /4; Expanded area ratio = A E /A 0, where expanded area A E = Expanded area of all blades outside of the hub.
The propellant mass fraction is the ratio of just the propellant to the entire mass of the vehicle at takeoff (propellant plus dry mass). In the cases of a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle or suborbital vehicle, the mass fraction equals the propellant mass fraction, which is simply the fuel mass divided by the mass of the full spaceship.
This is a two-bladed propeller 3 ft. in diameter, with a uniform geometrical pitch of 2.1 ft. (or a pitch-diameter ratio of 0.7). The blades have standard propeller sections based on the R.A.F-6 airfoil (Fig. 6), and the blade widths, thicknesses, and angles are as given in the first part of Table I.
Any non-idealities are assumed to lower the efficiency. As an effectively 1-D model, the flow into and out of the disk is axial, and all velocities are transversely uniform. This is a control-volume analysis; the control volume must contain all incoming and outgoing flow in order to use the conservation equations. The flow is non-compressible.