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In Hinduism, Krishna is recognized as the complete and eighth incarnation of Vishnu, or as the Supreme God (Svayam Bhagavan) in his own right. [1] As one of the most popular of all Hindu deities, Krishna has acquired a number of epithets, and absorbed many regionally significant deities, such as Jagannatha in Odisha and Vithoba in Maharashtra.
Vaiṣṇava Sahajiyā yoga could be practiced individually (through visualizing the deity and other yogic practices) as well as with a partner. [4] Furthermore, the Sahajiyās also made use of classic bhakti practices such as kirtan and chanting the names of Krishna as a way to intensify their feelings of love and devotion for Krishna. [2]
Krishnaism is a term used in scholarly circles to describe large group of independent Hindu traditions—sampradayas related to Vaishnavism—that center on the devotion to Krishna as Svayam Bhagavan, Ishvara, Para Brahman, who is the source of all reality, not simply an avatar of Vishnu.
The name "Krishna" originates from the Sanskrit word kṛṣṇa, which means "black", "dark" or "dark blue". [34] The waning moon is called Krishna Paksha, relating to the adjective meaning "darkening". [34] Some Vaishnavas also translate the word as "All-Attractive", though it lacks that meaning in Sanskrit. [35]
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Hindu denominations, sampradayas, traditions, movements, and sects are traditions and sub-traditions within Hinduism centered on one or more gods or goddesses, such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti and so on. [1] The term sampradaya is used for branches with a particular founder-guru with a particular philosophy. [2]
In Hinduism, the name Gopika or Gopi is especially used to refer the milkmaids of Braj region. [9] The word Gopis in the plural refers to the group of cowherd women who possess devotion toward Krishna. When it is used in the singular ("Gopi"), it generally refers to Radha, who was the Krishna's favourite gopi. [10]
One pioneer of the Gaudiya Vaishnavite mission in the West was Baba Premananda Bharati (1858–1914), [78] author of Sree Krishna – the Lord of Love (1904) – the first full-length treatment of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English, [79] who, in 1902, founded the short-lived "Krishna Samaj" society in New York City and built a temple in Los Angeles.