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  2. Energy content of biofuel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel

    Biofuels include bioethanol, an alcohol made by fermentation—often used as a gasoline additive, and biodiesel, which is usually used as a diesel additive. Specific energy is energy per unit mass , which is used to describe the chemical energy content of a fuel, expressed in SI units as joule per kilogram (J/kg) or equivalent units. [ 1 ]

  3. Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionation_of_carbon...

    δ 13 C sample is the delta-value of the organism for 13 C composition; δ 13 C atm is the delta-value of atmospheric CO 2, which is = -7.8‰ the discrimination due to diffusion a = 4.4‰ the carboxylation discrimination b = 30‰ c a is the partial pressure of CO 2 in the external atmosphere, and; c i is the partial pressure of CO 2 in the ...

  4. Photosynthetic efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency

    The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from Photosynthesis by Hall and Rao: [6]. Starting with the solar spectrum falling on a leaf, 47% lost due to photons outside the 400–700 nm active range (chlorophyll uses photons between 400 and 700 nm, extracting the energy of one 700 nm photon from each one)

  5. Photosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

    Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant. Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis, including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation. Dark red and blue-green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land, respectively.

  6. Hill reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_reaction

    It is possible to introduce an artificial electron acceptor into the light reaction, such as a dye that changes color when it is reduced. These are known as Hill reagents. These dyes permitted the finding of electron transport chains during photosynthesis. Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), an example of these dyes, is widely used by experimenters.

  7. Exothermic process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic_process

    Photosynthesis, the process that allows plants to convert carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen, is an endothermic process: plants absorb radiant energy from the sun and use it in an endothermic, otherwise non-spontaneous process. The chemical energy stored can be freed by the inverse (spontaneous) process: combustion of sugar, which ...

  8. Oxygen evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_evolution

    The reaction is part of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of green algae and plants. It utilizes the energy of light to split a water molecule into its protons and electrons for photosynthesis. Free oxygen, generated as a by-product of this reaction, is released into the atmosphere.

  9. Propane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane

    The enthalpy of combustion of propane gas where products do not return to standard state, for example where the hot gases including water vapor exit a chimney, (known as lower heating value) is −2043.455 kJ/mol. [29] The lower heat value is the amount of heat available from burning the substance where the combustion products are vented to the ...