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The oil shale yield varies laterally, and may be as little as 7% for the lower layer and 4% for the upper layer. The formation is a very fine grained and laminated deposit ranging in color from dark gray to brown to black. While 60–70% of the shale consists of clay minerals, the balance is made up of organic matter. [3]
Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced. In addition to kerogen, general composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic substance and bitumens.
As the basin fills up, shallow-water sandstones and continental deposits form. [3] [4] Most of the resulting rocks have little deformation, but near the edge of the mountain chain they can be subject to folding and thrusting. [3] After the basin fills up, continental sediments are deposited on top of the flysch. [4]
The Vaca Muerta Shale is a continuous tight oil and shale gas reservoir of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age. The formation covers a total area of 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi). [10] The shale is at a depth of about 9,500 feet (2,900 m), where it has been found productive of oil and gas.
The Hasa Group includes Umm Er Radhuma, Rus and Dammam formations. The Pabdeh Formation is largely offshore and contains 2,200 feet (670 metres) of shale and argillaceous limestone. The Umm Er Radhuma Formation ranges from 1150 feet in the northwest to 2300 in the east with limestone, dolomite, argillite, sabkha cycles, shale and anhydrite.
Shale is characterized by its tendency to split into thin layers less than one centimeter in thickness. This property is called fissility. [1] Shale is the most common sedimentary rock. [2] The term shale is sometimes applied more broadly, as essentially a synonym for mudrock, rather than in the narrower sense of clay-rich fissile mudrock. [3]
The Lewis Shale is an olive-gray marine shale with some thin beds of claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and limestone. It was deposited in the Western Interior Seaway in the late Cretaceous. [1] The formation crops out in the Bighorn Basin, Green River Basin, Powder River Basin, San Juan Basin, and Wind River Basin.
The Cardium Formation is composed primarily of beds of massive, fine-grained to conglomeratic sandstone, which are separated by thick layers of shale. The formation is subdivided into the following members from top to base: Sturrock Member (sandstone) Leyland Member (shale) Cardinal Member (sandstone) Kiska Member (shale) Moosehound Member (shale)