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The Elements (Ancient Greek: Στοιχεῖα Stoikheîa) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions.
Euclid (/ ˈ j uː k l ɪ d /; Ancient Greek: Εὐκλείδης; fl. 300 BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a geometer and logician. [2] Considered the "father of geometry", [3] he is chiefly known for the Elements treatise, which established the foundations of geometry that largely dominated the field until the early 19th century.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 29 (P. Oxy. 29) is a fragment of the second book of the Elements of Euclid in Greek. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The fragment was originally dated to the end of the third century or the beginning of the fourth century, although more recent scholarship suggests a date of 75–125 CE.
The Ring of Gyges / ˈ dʒ aɪ ˌ dʒ iː z / (Ancient Greek: Γύγου Δακτύλιος, Gúgou Daktúlios, Attic Greek pronunciation: [ˈɡyːˌɡoː dakˈtylios]) is a hypothetical magic ring mentioned by the philosopher Plato in Book 2 of his Republic (2:359a–2:360d). [1] It grants its owner the power to become invisible at will.
Euclid's Elements. Theon's edition of the Elements was the only known version until François Peyrard discovered an older copy of the Elements in the Vatican Library in 1808. [ 8 ] Comparison of the two versions show that Theon's edition attempts to remove difficulties that might be felt by learners in studying the text. [ 9 ]
In the Elements, Euclid deduced the theorems from a small set of axioms. He also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, and mathematical rigour. In addition to the Elements, Euclid wrote a central early text in the optics field, Optics, and lesser-known works including Data and Phaenomena.
There are 51 Byzantine manuscripts in Greek minuscule that constitute the main basis for the text of Plato's works. [2] Codex Oxoniensis Clarkianus 39 — 895 AD; first six tetralogies, designated B. [3] Codex Parisinus graecus 1807 — circa 900 AD; last two tetralogies and the apocrypha, designated A
In 1564, Dasypodius edited various parts of the Elements of Euclid. In the preface, he says that for 26 years it had been the rule at his school that all who were promoted from the classes to public lectures should learn Book I of the Elements , but there were no longer any copies to be had so he was bringing out a new edition so as to maintain ...