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Permanent vein collapse occurs as a consequence of: [citation needed] Repeated injections, especially with blunt needles. Poor injection technique. Injection of substances which irritate the veins; in particular, fluids that are hypertonic (high osmolality), vasoactive, irritants, with an extreme pH (very acidic / alkaline), [3] or liquid methadone intended for oral use.
Midline access is a type of peripheral venous access inserted into peripheral veins and that extends further than standard peripheral catheters but does not yet reach the large central veins of the thorax. They are used when intermediate-term access (one month) is needed or when administering medications that are highly irritating to smaller veins.
Endovenous laser treatment treats varicose veins using an optical fiber that is inserted into the vein to be treated, and laser light, normally in the infrared portion of the spectrum, [1] shines into the interior of the vein. This causes the vein to contract, and the optical fiber is slowly withdrawn.
The most minimally invasive technique is known as endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH), often described as endoscopic vein harvesting when a saphenous vein is used. This type of procedure requires a single 2 cm incision plus one or two smaller incisions of 2–3 mm in length.
In the legs, bypass grafting is used to treat peripheral vascular disease, acute limb ischemia, aneurysms and trauma.While there are many anatomical arrangements for vascular bypass grafts in the lower extremities depending on the location of the disease, the principle is the same: to restore blood flow to an area without normal flow.
Pulmonary vein stenosis can be congenital or acquired. [6]A rare abnormality that accounts for 0.4% of congenital heart diseases, congenital pulmonary vein stenosis results from the common right or left pulmonary vein failing to integrate into the left atrium (LA) during the vessel's embryonic development, obliterating the pulmonary veins partially or completely on one or both sides.
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