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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 25 December 2024. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...
The Islamic prophet Muhammad came to the city of Medina following the migration of his followers in what is known as the Hijrah (migration to Medina) in 622. He had been invited to Medina by city leaders to adjudicate disputes between clans from which the city suffered. [3] He left Medina to return to and conquer Mecca in December 629.
The siege of Medina was an unsuccessful Byzantine attack on the Muslim city of Medina (modern Mdina), Malta in 1053 or 1054. The Muslim inhabitants of the city and their slaves managed to repel a superior Byzantine force, which retreated with heavy losses.
Usama's expedition in May/June 632 was successful and his army was the first Muslim force to successfully invade and raid Byzantine territory. Muhammad died in June 632, and Abu Bakr was appointed Caliph and political successor at Medina.
656 - Ali becomes caliph and moves capital from Medina to Kufa. [7] [8] 661 - Umayyad Caliphate established; capital moved from Medina to Damascus. [1] 662 - Marwan ibn al-Hakam becomes Governor of Madina. 683 - Medina sacked by Umayyads. [9] [4] 8th century - Sharia (Islamic law) codified in Medina. [3] 706 - Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz becomes ...
Under the Islamic prophet Muhammad, beginning in 622, and the first three caliphs, Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), Umar (r. 634–644) and Uthman (r. 644–656), Medina served as the capital of the early Muslim state, which by Uthman's time came to rule over an empire spanning Arabia, most of the Persian Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine territories of Syria and Egypt.
The siege of Medina lasted from 10 June 1916 to 10 January 1919, when Hejazi Arab rebels surrounded the Islamic holy city, which was then under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the side of the Central Powers under the leadership of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed V .
The Second Fitna was a period of general political and military disorder and civil war in the Islamic community during the early Umayyad Caliphate. [note 1] It followed the death of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I in 680, and lasted for about twelve years.