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The degree of these effects in horses after intramuscular injection has relatively little support in the current literature. [35] However, there is much anecdotal evidence of their benefits for synovitis and osteoarthritis, and PSGAGs are very commonly used by veterinarians in the United States involved in racehorse and show horse practice. [ 36 ]
However, any horse that can store excess amounts of glycogen, usually genetic, can develop this form of ER. [1] Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER) is commonly found in breeds that are high strung such as Arabians and thoroughbreds. However, any horse can develop this type of ER if it displays abnormal muscle contractions. [1]
The manufacturer's own product information describes Biodyl as an "injection solution containing metabolic constituents (adenosine triphosphoric acid or ATP, magnesium aspartate, potassium aspartate, sodium selenite and vitamin B 12) for debility, convalescence and myopathies." [2] Composition: [1] [3] Selenium (as sodium selenite)
PSGAG is first administered as a series of injections over several weeks, and can be continued once or twice a month thereafter. [10] It is normally injected intramuscularly, though can also be injected intra-articularily (directly into the joint) in horses or subcutaneously in off-label uses. [2]
Intraosseous access has roughly the same absorption rate as IV access, and allows for fluid resuscitation. For example, sodium bicarbonate can be administered IO during a cardiac arrest when IV access is unavailable. [1] High flow rates are attainable with an IO infusion, up to 125 milliliters per minute.
Equine-assisted therapies such as therapeutic horseback riding and hippotherapy are additional treatments that can positively influence gait, [114] balance and quality of life in people with MS. [115] Another effective modality used in physical therapy to improve gait and balance for MS patients is aquatic therapy. Patients with MS can perform ...
Horses are best managed by only allowing short grazing periods—less than 1 hour since they can rapidly ingest grass, [18] or confining them to a limited turn-out area or by use of a grazing muzzle. Horses with severe IR, that have recurrent laminitis, are not recommended to return to pasture.
Therapeutic riding is used by disabled individuals who ride horses to relax, and to develop muscle tone, coordination, confidence, and well-being. [14] Therapeutic horseback riding is considered recreational therapy where an individual is taught by a non-therapist riding instructor how to actively control a horse while riding. [15]
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