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2. Diophantine approximation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_approximation

   The first problem was to know how well a real number can be approximated by rational numbers. For this problem, a rational number p/q is a "good" approximation of a real number α if the absolute value of the difference between p/q and α may not decrease if p/q is replaced by another

3. Exercise (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_(mathematics)

   J. C. Maxwell explained how exercise facilitates access to the language of mathematics: [6] As mathematicians we perform certain mental operations on the symbols of number or quantity, and, proceeding step by step from more simple to more complex operations, we are enabled to express the same thing in many different forms.

4. Rational number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number

   In mathematics, "rational" is often used as a noun abbreviating "rational number". The adjective rational sometimes means that the coefficients are rational numbers. For example, a rational point is a point with rational coordinates (i.e., a point whose coordinates are rational numbers); a rational matrix is a matrix of rational numbers; a rational polynomial may be a polynomial with rational ...

5. Arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic

   Rational number arithmetic is the branch of arithmetic that deals with the manipulation of numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers. [93] Most arithmetic operations on rational numbers can be calculated by performing a series of integer arithmetic operations on the numerators and the denominators of the involved numbers.

6. Number theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory

   Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions.German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics."

7. Niven's theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niven's_theorem

   In radians, one would require that 0° ≤ x ≤ π/2, that x/π be rational, and that sin(x) be rational. The conclusion is then that the only such values are sin(0) = 0, sin(π/6) = 1/2, and sin(π/2) = 1. The theorem appears as Corollary 3.12 in Niven's book on irrational numbers. [2] The theorem extends to the other trigonometric functions ...