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Initial voicing is a process of historical sound change in which voiceless consonants become voiced at the beginning of a word. For example, modern German sagen [ˈzaːɡn̩] , Yiddish זאָגן [ˈzɔɡn̩] , and Dutch zeggen [ˈzɛɣə] (all "say") all begin with [z] , which derives from [s] in an earlier stage of Germanic, as is still ...
Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as Catalan, German, Dutch, Quebec French, Breton, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Turkish, and Wolof. In such languages, voiced obstruents in final position (at the end of a word) become voiceless before voiceless consonants and in pausa.
initial voicing z̥᫃ ʒ̊᫁ initial devoicing subscript: U+1AC3; superscript: 1AC1 s̬᫄ final voicing z̥᫄ ʒ̊᫂ final devoicing subscript: U+1AC4; superscript: 1AC2 z̤᪽ partial murmuring of [z] n͊᪻ partially denasalized [n] Displaced timing (examples) ˬz: pre-voiced [z] zˬ post-voiced [z] U+02EC a˷ [a] with a creaky offglide p˳
In the Polish language, ż is the final, 32nd letter of the alphabet. It typically represents the voiced retroflex fricative ( [ʐ] ), somewhat similar to the pronunciation of g in "mira g e"; however, in a word-final position or when followed by a voiceless obstruent, it is devoiced to the voiceless retroflex fricative ( [ʂ] ).
The /z/ phoneme, for instance, can actually be pronounced as either the [s] phone or the [z] phone since /z/ is frequently devoiced, even in fluent speech, especially at the end of an utterance. The sequence of phones for nods might be transcribed as [nɒts] or [nɒdz] , depending on the presence or strength of this devoicing.
The IPA letter z is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic ( z̪ and z̠ respectively). The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics ; it can be ð̠ or ɹ̝ .
There were, of course, also many cases of original voiceless stops in final position: Bett "bed", bunt "colorful", Stock "(walking) stick, cane". To sum up: there are the same number of structure points as before, /p t k b d g/, but there are more cases of /p t k/ than before and fewer of /b d g/, and there is a gap in the distribution of /b d ...
Spellings like this have been interpreted as evidence that /ɣ/ could be devoiced to [x] in syllable-final, as well as in word-final position, [47] [48] but they may instead simply be cases where h was used analogically to represent voiced [ɣ], based on the interchangeability of the spellings h and g in word-final position: there are also a ...