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  2. Decarboxylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarboxylation

    Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO 2). Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. The reverse process, which is the first chemical step in photosynthesis, is called carboxylation, the addition of CO 2 to a

  3. Kolbe electrolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis

    Another example is the synthesis of 2,7-dimethyl-2,7-dinitrooctane from 4-methyl-4-nitrovaleric acid: [3] The Kolbe reaction has also been occasionally used in cross-coupling reactions . In 2022, it was discovered that the Kolbe electrolysis is enhanced if an alternating square wave current is used instead of a direct current .

  4. Decarboxylated and decarbonylated biofuels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarboxylated_and_de...

    Studies of decarboxylation over nickel and palladium-based catalysts were first reported by Wilhelm Maier et al., in 1982, [6] when they achieved the deoxygenation of several carboxylic acids via decarboxylation under a hydrogen atmosphere. This included the conversion of aliphatic acids (such as heptanoic and octanoic acids) to alkanes (namely ...

  5. Benzene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

    The paradigm of toxicological assessment of benzene is shifting towards the domain of molecular toxicology as it allows understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms in a better way. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and ...

  6. Benzilic acid rearrangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzilic_acid_rearrangement

    The above mechanism is consistent with all available experimental evidence. [3] The equilibrium between species 1 and 2 is supported by 18 O Isotopic labeling experiments. In deuterated water , carbonyl oxygen exchange occurs much faster than the rearrangement, indicating that the first equilibrium is not the rate-determining step.

  7. Barton decarboxylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_decarboxylation

    The Barton decarboxylation is a radical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is converted to a thiohydroxamate ester (commonly referred to as a Barton ester). The product is then heated in the presence of a radical initiator and a suitable hydrogen donor to afford the decarboxylated product. [1] [2] This is

  8. Ketonic decarboxylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketonic_decarboxylation

    This reaction is different from oxidative decarboxylation, which proceeds through a radical mechanism and is characterised by a different product distribution in isotopic labeling experiments with two different carboxylic acids. With two different carboxylic acids, the reaction behaves poorly because of poor selectivity except when one of the ...

  9. Carroll rearrangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_rearrangement

    This organic reaction is accompanied by decarboxylation and the final product is a γ,δ-allylketone. The Carroll rearrangement is an adaptation of the Claisen rearrangement and effectively a decarboxylative allylation.