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During the Medieval eras, most of the art music was created for liturgical (or otherwise religious) purposes; due to the views about the roles of women that were held by religious leaders, few women composed this type of music, with musicians such as Hildegard von Bingen being among the exceptions. [14]
The absence of women from the canon of Western art has been a subject of inquiry and reconsideration since the early 1970s. Linda Nochlin's influential 1971 essay, "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?", examined the social and institutional barriers that blocked most women from entering artistic professions throughout history, prompted a new focus on women artists, their art and ...
See Art periods for a chronological list. This is a list of art movements in alphabetical order. These terms, helpful for curricula or anthologies, evolved over time to group artists who are often loosely related. Some of these movements were defined by the members themselves, while other terms emerged decades or centuries after the periods in ...
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Note: The countries listed are the country in which the movement or group started. Most modern art movements were international in scope. Impressionism – 1860 – 1890, France American Impressionism – 1880, United States; Cos Cob Art Colony – 1890s, United States Heidelberg School – late 1880s, Australia; Luminism (Impressionism)
Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe , and much of Northern , Southern and Central Europe , never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy.
Owing to sexism, women composers of Western classical music are disproportionately absent from the music textbooks and concert programs that constitute the patriarchical Western canon, even though many women have composed music. [a] The reasons for women's absence are various. The musicologist Marcia Citron writing in 1990 noted that many works ...
,The Museum of Modern Art Protest in 1984 which the protesters criticized MoMA for its exclusionary practices and demanded more representation for women and artists of color, and The "Bad Girls" Exhibition in 1994, which was aiming to upend the currently male-dominated art world and make room for the perspectives and experiences of female artists.