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  2. Significant figures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures

    If the n + 1 digit is greater than 5 or is 5 followed by other non-zero digits, add 1 to the n digit. For example, if we want to round 1.2459 to 3 significant figures, then this step results in 1.25. If the n + 1 digit is 5 not followed by other digits or followed by only zeros, then rounding requires a tie-breaking rule. For example, to round ...

  3. Repeating decimal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_decimal

    The repeating sequence of digits is called "repetend" which has a certain length greater than 0, also called "period". [ 5 ] In base 10, a fraction has a repeating decimal if and only if in lowest terms , its denominator has any prime factors besides 2 or 5, or in other words, cannot be expressed as 2 m 5 n , where m and n are non-negative ...

  4. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    In a significance test, the null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value , which is referred to as the alpha level or significance level. α {\displaystyle \alpha } is not derived from the data, but rather is set by the researcher before examining the data.

  5. Metric prefix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix

    A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic.Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol.

  6. Vernier scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale

    A retrograde vernier is similar to the direct vernier, except its graduations are at a slightly larger spacing than on the main scale. N graduations of the indicating scale cover N + 1 graduations of the data scale. The retrograde vernier also extends backwards along the data scale. Direct and retrograde verniers are read in the same manner.

  7. Effect size - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size

    In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size ...

  8. Standard normal table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_normal_table

    gives a probability that a statistic is greater than Z. This equates to the area of the distribution above Z. Example: Find Prob(Z ≥ 0.69). Since this is the portion of the area above Z, the proportion that is greater than Z is found by subtracting Z from 1.

  9. Hazard ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_ratio

    In other cases, an HR greater than 1 indicates the treatment is favorable. For example, if the outcome is actually favorable (e.g., accepting a job offer to end a spell of unemployment), an HR greater than 1 indicates that seeking a job is favorable to not seeking one (if "treatment" is defined as seeking a job). [2]