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Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Fromkin, David (2009). A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8809-0. Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books.
Anglo-Ottoman (1913) United Kingdom 1914 Yeniköy accord (Armenian reforms), (1914) Western Armenia: 1917 Erzincan: Russian SFSR: 1918 Brest Litovsk: Russian SFSR, Germany, Austria-Hungary 1918 Trabzon: Transcaucasian Sejm: 1918 Batum: Armenia: 1918 Mudros: United Kingdom 1920 Sèvres: Allies (United Kingdom, France, Italy, and others)
The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0714641545. Macfie, A. L. The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 (1998). Massie, Robert (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the winning of the Great War. Random House. ISBN 0-224-04092-8. Nicolle, David (2008). The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Thalamus Publishing.
Treaty of Nasuh Pasha between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. Ottoman Empire gives up all gains made by Treaty of Istanbul of 1590. 1618: Treaty of Serav signed with the Safavid Empire after further losses in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18). 1622: May 20: Regicide of Osman II. Revolt of Abaza Mehmed Pasha. 1639
The Ottoman Empire had been the leading Islamic state in geopolitical, cultural, and ideological terms. The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after the war led to the domination of the Middle East by Western powers such as Britain and France, and saw the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.
The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers. [4] Despite this enormous German success, the manpower required by the Germans to occupy the captured territory may have contributed to the failure of their Spring Offensive , and secured relatively little food or ...
Treaty of Buchach: Ottoman Empire gains Podolia and parts of Central Ukraine. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is turned into a fief of the Ottoman Empire for 4 years; Treaty of Żurawno: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth regains Bila Tserkva and Pavoloch [143] 1676–1681 Russo-Turkish War: Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate: Tsardom of Russia ...
The subsequent Treaty of Paris (1856) secured Ottoman control over the Balkan Peninsula and the Black Sea basin. That lasted until defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The Ottoman Empire took its first foreign loans on 4 August 1854, [65] shortly after the beginning of the Crimean War. [66] Turkish refugees from Bulgaria, 1877.