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Slight, John (30 January 2019). "Reactions to the Ottoman jihad fatwa in the British Empire, 1914–18". The Great War in the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-18904-8. Zürcher, Erik-Jan, ed. (2016). Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouck Gurgronje's "Holy War Made in Germany" (PDF).
Anglo-Ottoman (1913) United Kingdom 1914 Yeniköy accord (Armenian reforms), (1914) Western Armenia: 1917 Erzincan: Russian SFSR: 1918 Brest Litovsk: Russian SFSR, Germany, Austria-Hungary 1918 Trabzon: Transcaucasian Sejm: 1918 Batum: Armenia: 1918 Mudros: United Kingdom 1920 Sèvres: Allies (United Kingdom, France, Italy, and others)
Access to the Turkish Straits was governed by the 1841 London Straits Convention which stipulated the closure of the straits to warships [4] and, after the Crimean War, by the Treaty of Paris (1856) which made universal the principle of commercial freedom at the same time as forbidding any militarization in and around the Black Sea, later amended by the Treaty of London (1871) and reaffirmed ...
The subsequent Treaty of Paris (1856) secured Ottoman control over the Balkan Peninsula and the Black Sea basin. That lasted until defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The Ottoman Empire took its first foreign loans on 4 August 1854, [65] shortly after the beginning of the Crimean War. [66] Turkish refugees from Bulgaria, 1877.
The Treaty of Sèvres (French: Traité de Sèvres) was a 1920 treaty signed between some of the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire, but not ratified.The treaty would have required the cession of large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy, as well as creating large occupation zones within the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire initiates forced deportation of Armenians. 1915: April 25: The Gallipoli Campaign: Under the command of Mustafa Kemal, the Ottoman army successfully repels Britain invasion of the Dardanelles in Turkey. December 7 Siege of Kut. Ottoman defense just outside of Baghdad, leading to a major defeat for the British.
The Ottoman Empire had been the leading Islamic state in geopolitical, cultural, and ideological terms. The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after the war led to the domination of the Middle East by Western powers such as Britain and France, and saw the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.
The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers. [4] Despite this enormous German success, the manpower required by the Germans to occupy the captured territory may have contributed to the failure of their Spring Offensive , and secured relatively little food or ...