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Extravasation is the leakage of intravenously (IV) infused, and potentially damaging, medications into the extravascular tissue around the site of infusion. The leakage can occur through brittle veins in the elderly, through previous venipuncture access, or through direct leakage from wrongly positioned venous access devices.
During leukocyte extravasation, white blood cells move in response to cytokines from the blood into diseased or infected tissues, usually in the direction of a chemical gradient, [1] in a process called chemotaxis. The presence of lymphocytes in tissue in greater than normal numbers is likewise called infiltration.
Infiltration is one of the most common adverse effects of IV therapy [52] and is usually not serious unless the infiltrated fluid is a medication damaging to the surrounding tissue, most commonly a vesicant or chemotherapeutic agent. In such cases, the infiltration is termed extravasation, and may cause necrosis. [53]
Neutrophils extravasate from blood vessels to the site of tissue injury or infection during the innate immune response.. In immunology, leukocyte extravasation (also commonly known as leukocyte adhesion cascade or diapedesis – the passage of cells through the intact vessel wall) is the movement of leukocytes (white blood cells) out of the circulatory system (extravasation) and towards the ...
Extravasation of irrigation fluid is the unintended migration of irrigation fluid (e.g., saline) introduced into a human body.This may occur in several types of endoscopic surgery, such as minimally invasive orthopedic surgery, i.e., arthroscopy, TURP (trans-urethral resection of the prostate), and TCRE (trans-cervical resection of the endometrium).
The cellular component involves leukocytes, which normally reside in blood and must move into the inflamed tissue via extravasation to aid in inflammation. [25] Some act as phagocytes, ingesting bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris. Others release enzymatic granules that damage pathogenic invaders. Leukocytes also release inflammatory ...
Angiopellosis allows for the extravasation of multiple cells during a single event. The blood vessel will actively remodel around a cluster/group of cells and allow the cells to exit in a single event. Diapedesis only allows for a single white blood cell to migrate across the blood vessel wall at a given time.
Extravasation of intravenous sodium bicarbonate has been reported to cause chemical cellulitis because of its alkalinity, resulting in tissue necrosis, ulceration and/or sloughing at the site of infiltration. This condition is managed by prompt elevation of the part, warmth and local injection of lidocaine or hyaluronidase.