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The value of () can be given by several series. In terms of a sum involving the floor function it can be expressed as: [5] = + = (⌊ + ⌋ ⌊ + ⌋).This is a consequence of Jacobi's two-square theorem, which follows almost immediately from the Jacobi triple product.
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
The relation between and are given by the following table, where the values for DRMS and 2DRMS (twice the distance root mean square) are specific to the Rayleigh distribution and are found numerically, while the CEP, R95 (95% radius) and R99.7 (99.7% radius) values are defined based on the 68–95–99.7 rule
that is, find (z − E[z] ) and do the necessary algebra to collect terms and simplify. 7. For most purposes, it is sufficient to keep only the first-order terms; square that quantity. 8. Find the expected value of that result. This will be the approximation for the variance of z.
Probability bounds analysis (PBA) is a collection of methods of uncertainty propagation for making qualitative and quantitative calculations in the face of uncertainties of various kinds. It is used to project partial information about random variables and other quantities through mathematical expressions.
A circle containing one acre is cut by another whose center is on the circumference of the given circle, and the area common to both is one-half acre. Find the radius of the cutting circle. The solutions in both cases are non-trivial but yield to straightforward application of trigonometry, analytical geometry or integral calculus.
Given some experimental measurements of a system and some computer simulation results from its mathematical model, inverse uncertainty quantification estimates the discrepancy between the experiment and the mathematical model (which is called bias correction), and estimates the values of unknown parameters in the model if there are any (which ...
The uncertainty theory invented by Baoding Liu [1] is a branch of mathematics based on normality, monotonicity, self-duality, countable subadditivity, and product measure axioms.