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The expectancy theory of motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over the other. This theory explains that individuals can be motivated towards goals if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, the outcome of a favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, a reward from a performance will ...
According to the Life-span model of motivation the personal goals that individuals set are a function of the opportunities and challenges that are present in their social environment. Personal goals are an important determinant to the way individuals direct their development . [ 1 ]
Expectancy theory; Expectancy-value theory; Expected utility hypothesis; G. ... Life-span model of motivation; M. Maslow's hierarchy of needs; McGuire's Motivations;
Major process theories are expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, self-determination theory, and reinforcement theory. [123] Another way to classify theories of motivation focuses on the role of inborn physiological processes in contrast to cognitive processes and distinguishes between biological, psychological, and ...
In the 1980s, Jacquelynne Eccles expanded this research into the field of education. [1] According to expectancy–value theory, students' achievement and achievement related choices are most proximally determined by two factors: [1] expectancies for success, and subjective task values. Expectancies refer to how confident an individual is in ...
The expectancy theory of motivation was established by Victor Vroom with the belief that motivation is based on the expectation of desired outcomes. [28] The theory is based on four concepts: valence, expectancy, instrumentality and force. [28] Valence is the attractiveness of potential rewards, outcomes, or incentives.
Expectancy theory proposes that people act in accordance with anticipated outcomes. At the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an individual processes the different motivational elements. This also eliminates the tedious second sentence, and shifts the focus to the specific cognitive unpacking that this theory entails.
Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; developed by Stanford psychologist Laura L. Carstensen) is a life-span theory of motivation. The theory maintains that as time horizons shrink, as they typically do with age, people become increasingly selective, investing greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities. According to the ...