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Three cleavage-based voting factors, or individual differences impacting voting behavior, focused on in existing research are religion, class, and gender. [12] In recent years, voting cleavage has shifted from concerns of Protestant vs Catholic religions to have a larger focus on religious vs non-religious leanings. [12]
The American Voter, published in 1960, is a seminal study of voting behavior in the United States, authored by Angus Campbell, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, colleagues at the University of Michigan.
The Michigan model is a theory of voter choice, based primarily on sociological and party identification factors. Originally proposed by political scientists, beginning with an investigation of the 1952 Presidential election, [1] at the University of Michigan's Survey Research Centre.
The American National Election Studies (ANES) are academically-run national surveys of voters in the United States, conducted before and after every presidential election. Although it was formally established by a National Science Foundation grant in 1977, the data are a continuation of studies going back to 1948. [ 1 ]
It thus enables research on attitudes and voting behavior in the context of a rise of parties campaigning on anti-establishment messages and in opposition to "out groups". [5] Module 5 includes 56 election studies conducted in 45 countries. Survey data collection for module 6 is ongoing, with the survey to be administered between 2021 and 2026.
For many years, voter turnout was reported as a percentage; the numerator being the total votes cast, or the votes cast for the highest office, and the denominator being the Voting Age Population (VAP), the Census Bureau's estimate of the number of persons 18 years old and older resident in the United States.
Although there are several possible research designs to analyze networks in political context, the relevance of networks in shaping electoral choices has been approached in three main manners – all being observational research designs. [9] Firstly, most of the authors follow the data gathering technique and research design of Columbia Studies.
A 2018 study in the American Political Science Review found that the parents to newly enfranchised voters "become 2.8 percentage points more likely to vote." [126] A 2018 study in the journal Political Behavior found that increasing the size of households increases a household member's propensity to vote. [127]