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  2. Photorespiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorespiration

    Photorespiration may be necessary for the assimilation of nitrate from soil. Thus, a lowering in photorespiration by genetic engineering or because of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide may not benefit plants as has been proposed. [13] Several physiological processes may be responsible for linking photorespiration and nitrogen assimilation.

  3. C3 carbon fixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation

    C3 carbon fixation is prone to photorespiration (PR) during dehydration, accumulating toxic glycolate products. In the 2000s scientists used computer simulation combined with an optimization algorithm to figure out what parts of the metabolic pathway may be tuned to improve photosynthesis.

  4. Calvin cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle

    The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, but the enzymes in the Calvin cycle are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol, separating the reactions. They are activated in the light (which is why the ...

  5. Photosynthetic efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency

    One efficiency-focused research topic is improving the efficiency of photorespiration. Around 25% of the time RuBisCO incorrectly collects oxygen molecules instead of CO 2, creating CO 2 and ammonia that disrupt the photosynthesis process. Plants remove these byproducts via photorespiration, requiring energy and nutrients that would otherwise ...

  6. Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionation_of_carbon...

    Carbon on Earth naturally occurs in two stable isotopes, with 98.9% in the form of 12 C and 1.1% in 13 C. [1] [8] The ratio between these isotopes varies in biological organisms due to metabolic processes that selectively use one carbon isotope over the other, or "fractionate" carbon through kinetic or thermodynamic effects. [1]

  7. 2-Phosphoglycolate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phosphoglycolate

    2-PG is similarly a toxic product in bacteria. Bacteria remove this substance using a glycerate pathway. This shorter pathway branches out from photorespiration after the formation of glyoxylate, proceeding to use glycoxylate carboxylase and tartronic semialdehyde reductase to rejoin at the formation of glycerate. Some Cyanobacteria can use a ...

  8. Glycocalyx - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocalyx

    The glycocalyx (pl.: glycocalyces or glycocalyxes), also known as the pericellular matrix and cell coat, is a layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids which surround the cell membranes of bacteria, epithelial cells, and other cells. [1] Animal epithelial cells have a fuzz-like coating on the external surface of their plasma membranes.

  9. Photosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

    Some shade-loving plants (sciophytes) produce such low levels of oxygen during photosynthesis that they use all of it themselves instead of releasing it to the atmosphere. [ 12 ] Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms.