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Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is an axiom of decision theory which codifies the intuition that a choice between and should not depend on the quality of a third, unrelated outcome . There are several different variations of this axiom, which are generally equivalent under mild conditions.
Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization's operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes. [1]
The second one is usually meant by "Luce's choice axiom", as the first one is usually called "independence from irrelevant alternatives" (IIA). [ 3 ] Luce's choice axiom 1 (IIA): if P ( a ∣ A ) = 0 , P ( b ∣ A ) > 0 {\displaystyle P(a\mid A)=0,P(b\mid A)>0} , then for any a , b ∈ B ⊂ A {\displaystyle a,b\in B\subset A} , we still have P ...
In order to become a CIA, candidates must pass all three parts of the CIA exam as well as meet certain educational and professional experience requirements stipulated by The IIA. [9] The IIA also offers the CIA certification through a one-part exam, called the CIA Challenge Exam, [10] for those who meet specific criteria.
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The triple bar character in Unicode is code point U+2261 ≡ IDENTICAL TO (≡, ≡). [1] The closely related code point U+2262 ≢ NOT IDENTICAL TO (≢, ≢) is the same symbol with a slash through it, indicating the negation of its mathematical meaning.
An international investment agreement (IIA) is a type of treaty between countries that addresses issues relevant to cross-border investments, usually for the purpose of protection, promotion and liberalization of such investments. Most IIAs cover foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment, but some exclude the latter. Countries ...
The Three Levels of Leadership is a leadership model formulated in 2011 by James Scouller. [1] Designed as a practical tool for developing a person's leadership presence, knowhow and skill. It aims to summarize what leaders have to do, not only to bring leadership to their group or organization, but also to develop themselves technically and ...