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  2. Church of the Nativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity

    The church is owned by three church authorities, the Greek Orthodox (most of the building and furnishings), the Catholic and the Armenian Apostolic (each of them with lesser properties). [1] The Coptic Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox are holding minor rights of worship at the Armenian church in the northern transept, and at the Altar of Nativity. [1]

  3. Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Bethlehem)

    Having conquered Jerusalem, Omar had travelled to Bethlehem in 637 CE to issue a law that would guarantee respect for the shrine and safety of Christians and clergy. [3] [dubious – discuss] Only four years after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Omar allegedly prayed at the location of the mosque. [4] [dubious – discuss]

  4. Bethlehem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem

    A mosque dedicated to Umar was built upon the place in the city where he prayed, next to the church. [51] Bethlehem then passed through the control of the Islamic caliphates of the Umayyads in the 8th century, then the Abbasids in the 9th century. A Persian geographer recorded in the mid-9th century that a well preserved and much venerated ...

  5. Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kingdom_of...

    Tancred captures Bethlehem and places his banner over the Church of the Nativity. The clergymen demand that the Holy Land be transformed into a spiritual realm, protected by secular lords. [40] [41] July 8. A visionary priest, Peter Desiderius, persuades the crusaders to make a penitentiary procession around the walls of Jerusalem. [42] [43 ...

  6. Shahada - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada

    The Shahada (Arabic: الشَّهَادَةُ aš-šahādatu; Arabic pronunciation: [aʃʃahaːdatʊ], 'the testimony'), [note 1] also transliterated as Shahadah, is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan.

  7. Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and...

    The so-called immovable ladder [c] under the window of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, made of Lebanon cedar wood, was in place by 1728 and has apparently remained there since the 1757 status quo was established (with temporary moves occurring in 1997 and 2009).

  8. Church of Saint Catherine, Bethlehem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine...

    The Church of Saint Catherine [1] or Chapel of Saint Catherine (Latin: Ecclesia Sanctae Catharinae, Arabic: كنيسة القديسة كترينا, Hebrew: כנסיית קתרינה הקדושה) is a Catholic religious building located adjacent to the northern part [2] of the Basilica of the Nativity in Bethlehem [3] [4] in the West Bank, Palestine. [5]

  9. Testimony - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimony

    In the Religious Society of Friends, the word testimony is used to refer to the ways in which Friends testify or bear witness to their beliefs in their everyday lives. In this context, the word testimony refers not to the underlying belief, but the committed action which arises out of their beliefs, which testifies to their beliefs.