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An extreme case is the Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda: the earliest parts of this text date to c. 1500 BC, [1] while the oldest known manuscripts date to c. 1040 AD. [2] Similarly the oldest Avestan texts, the Gathas , are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the 13th century AD.
The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
The earliest literary author known by name is Enheduanna, a Sumerian priestess and public figure dating to c. the 24th century BC. [2] Certain literary texts are difficult to date, such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC, but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th ...
The 104-page Crosby-Schøyen Codex from Egypt was written by a single scribe over 40 years, dating back to 250–350 AD.
The book is also called the Nihongi (日本紀, "Japanese Chronicles"). It is more elaborate and detailed than the Kojiki, the oldest, and has proven to be an important tool for historians and archaeologists as it includes the most complete extant historical record of ancient Japan.
[16] [17] The oldest extant printed book is a work of the Diamond Sutra and dates back to 868 CE, during the Tang Dynasty. [16] The Diamond Sutra was printed by method of woodblock printing , a strenuous method in which the text to be printed would be carved into a woodblock's surface, essentially to be used to stamp the words onto the writing ...
The Epic of Gilgamesh (/ ˈ ɡ ɪ l ɡ ə m ɛ ʃ /) [2] is an epic from ancient Mesopotamia.The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about Gilgamesh (formerly read as Sumerian "Bilgames" [3]), king of Uruk, some of which may date back to the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2100 BCE). [1]
The Codex Gigas opened to the page with the distinctive portrait of the Devil from which the text received its byname, the Devil's Bible. [1]The Codex Gigas ("Giant Book"; Czech: Obří kniha) is the largest medieval illuminated manuscript in the world, at a length of 92 cm (36 in). [2]