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  2. Scientific formalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_formalism

    For example, one can, at the lower level of formalism, define a property called 'existence'. However, at the higher level, the question of whether an electron exists in the same sense that a bacterium exists still needs to be resolved. Some actual formal theories on facts have been proposed. [1]

  3. Formal science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_science

    Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory and theoretical linguistics.

  4. Formal epistemology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_epistemology

    Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest. Work in this area spans several academic fields, including philosophy , computer science , economics , and statistics .

  5. Mertonian norms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertonian_norms

    The four Mertonian norms (often abbreviated as the CUDO-norms) can be summarised as: communism: all scientists should have common ownership of scientific goods (intellectual property), to promote collective collaboration; secrecy is the opposite of this norm.

  6. Philosophy of science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science

    Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science , the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose and meaning of science as a human endeavour.

  7. List of philosophical concepts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_concepts

    A priori and a posteriori; Abductive reasoning; Ability; Absolute; Absolute time and space; Abstract and concrete; Adiaphora; Aesthetic emotions; Aesthetic interpretation

  8. Formalism (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy)

    Formalism is a school of thought in law and jurisprudence which assumes that the law is a system of rules that can determine the outcome of any case, without reference to external norms. For example, formalism animates the commonly heard criticism that "judges should apply the law, not make it."

  9. Justification (epistemology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)

    Justification (also called epistemic justification) is a property of beliefs that fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe. [1] [2] Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. [3]