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Marine mammals adaptation to deep and long duration breath-hold diving involves more efficient use of lungs that are proportionately smaller than those of terrestrial animals of similar size. The adaptations to the lungs allow more efficient extraction of oxygen from inhaled air, and a higher exchange rate of air of up to 90% of each breath.
It is exhibited strongly in aquatic mammals (seals, [17] otters, dolphins, muskrats), [18] but exists in other mammals, including humans. Diving birds, such as penguins, have a similar diving reflex. [6] The diving reflex is triggered specifically by chilling the face and breath-hold.
The diving reflex is exhibited strongly in aquatic mammals, such as seals, [1] [4] otters, dolphins, [5] and muskrats, [6] and exists as a lesser response in other animals, including human babies up to 6 months old (see infant swimming), and diving birds, such as ducks and penguins. [1]
In diving birds, the air sacs can aid in helping birds with respiration. [17] Movement of the muscles involved in diving can cause a pressure differential between the air sacs which would cause more air to move through the parabronchi. [17] This would then increase the uptake of oxygen stored in the respiratory system. [17]
Cave diving, wreck diving, ice diving and diving inside or under other natural or artificial underwater structures or enclosures are examples. The restriction on direct ascent increases the risk of diving under an overhead, and this is usually addressed by adaptations of procedures and use of equipment such as redundant breathing gas sources ...
Studies have shown that mammals are capable of performing intestinal respiration to a limited degree in a laboratory setting. [1] Mice were subjected to hypoxic conditions and supplied oxygen through their intestines survived an average of 18 minutes compared to 11 minutes in the control group.
The Hawaiian monk seal is one of the world’s most endangered marine mammals. For more than six decades, the population has declined. And while recent numbers show a slight growth, they are not ...
Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (5th Revised ed.). United States: Saunders. pp. 455–500. ISBN 0-7020-2571-2. OCLC 51607923. Huggins, Karl E. (1992). "Dynamics of decompression workshop". Course Taught at the University of Michigan. US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 2008.