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Scanning electron micrograph showing the microstructure of Zircaloy-4. At temperatures below 1100 K, zirconium alloys belong to the hexagonal crystal family (HCP). Its microstructure, revealed by chemical attack, shows needle-like grains typical of a Widmanstätten pattern. Upon annealing below the phase transition temperature (α-Zr to β-Zr ...
Zirconium is a by-product formed after mining and processing of the titanium minerals ilmenite and rutile, as well as tin mining. [25] From 2003 to 2007, while prices for the mineral zircon steadily increased from $360 to $840 per tonne, the price for unwrought zirconium metal decreased from $39,900 to $22,700 per ton.
Microalloyed steel is a type of alloy steel that contains small amounts of alloying elements (0.05 to 0.15%), including niobium, vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, boron, and rare-earth metals. They are used to refine the grain microstructure or facilitate precipitation hardening. [1]
Metallography allows the metallurgist to study the microstructure of metals. A micrograph of bronze revealing a cast dendritic structure Al-Si microstructure. Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by an optical microscope above 25× magnification. [1]
Zircon (/ ˈ z ɜːr k ɒ n,-k ən /) [7] [8] [9] is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates and is a source of the metal zirconium. Its chemical name is zirconium(IV) silicate, and its corresponding chemical formula is Zr SiO 4. An empirical formula showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is (Zr 1–y, REE y)(SiO 4) 1–x ...
Like titanium, solid zirconium dissolves hydrogen quite readily. The density of zirconium hydride varies based the hydrogen and ranges between 5.56 and 6.52 g cm −3. Even in the narrow range of concentrations which make up zirconium hydride, mixtures of hydrogen and zirconium can form a number of different structures, with very different ...
Since nickel-iron crystals grow to lengths of some centimeters only when the solid metal cools down at an exceptionally slow rate (over several million years), the presence of these patterns is strongly suggestive of extraterrestrial origin of the material, and can be used to indicate if a piece of iron may come from a meteorite. [citation needed]
MC and M 23 C 6 (M = metal) carbides are the strengthening phase in the absence of γ'. B,Zr 0-0.1% Boron and zirconium provide strength to grain boundaries. This is not essential in single-crystal turbine blades, because there are no grain boundaries. Nb 0-5% Nb can form γ'', a strengthening phase at lower (below 700 °C) temperatures.