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Models of disability are analytic tools in disability studies used to articulate different ways disability is conceptualized by individuals and society broadly. [1] [2] Disability models are useful for understanding disagreements over disability policy, [2] teaching people about ableism, [3] providing disability-responsive health care, [3] and articulating the life experiences of disabled people.
Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. [1] Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple factors.
Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning, nature, and consequences of disability.Initially, the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability", where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body, while disability was considered a social construct. [1]
Following the UPIAS "social definition of disability", in 1983 the disabled academic Mike Oliver coined the phrase social model of disability in reference to these ideological developments. [14] Oliver focused on the idea of an individual model (of which the medical was a part) versus a social model, derived from the distinction originally made ...
Sociopolitical definitions of disability, the independent living movement, improved media and social messages, observation and consideration of situational and environmental barriers, passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 have all come together to help a person with disability define their acceptance of what living with a ...
While the distinction between "impairment" and "disability" had been made by the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation, Oliver coined the term "social model" to describe this distinction, and popularized it. He also coined the term "Emancipatory disability studies" by which he meant that researchers must not be "parasites" but ...
Universal design is one of the key concepts in and approaches to disability inclusion. It involves designing buildings, products, or environments in a way that secures accessibility and usability to the greatest extent possible. [6] [7] [8] Disability mainstreaming is simultaneously a method, a policy, and a tool for achieving social inclusion ...
The Disability Rights Movement recognises that while there is considerable stigma towards people with physical disabilities, the negative social stigma surrounding mental illness is significantly worse, with those suffering being perceived to have control of their disabilities and being responsible for causing them. "Furthermore, research ...