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Nitrate is the end-product of nitrification, and is the least toxic of the nitrogen compounds, with 96-hour exposure LC 50 values in freshwater in excess of 1,000 mg/L. [6] A biofilter provides a substrate for the bacterial community, which results in thick biofilm growing within the filter. [ 4 ]
Periodic removal of the algae that has grown inside of an algae scrubber removes nutrients (ammonia, nitrate, phosphate) from the aquarium water, thus providing the needed filtration. An algae scrubber is a water filtering device which uses light to grow algae ; in this process, undesirable chemicals are removed from the water. [ 1 ]
It is considered one of the more difficult species to remove, and the plants may uptake calcium from hard water which makes them unpalatable to algivores. [3] BBA may occur in both saltwater and freshwater aquaria. [16] Red spot algae may form a tenacious reddish-brown splotch or film on aquarium glass or plant leaves.
In the natural environment these nitrates are subsequently taken up by plants as fertilizer and this does indeed happen to some extent in an aquarium planted with real plants. An aquarium is, however, an imperfect microcosm of the natural world. Aquariums are usually much more densely stocked with fish than the natural environment.
Aquatic plants are used to give the freshwater aquarium a natural appearance, oxygenate the water, absorb ammonia, and provide habitat for fish, especially fry (babies) and for invertebrates. Some aquarium fish and invertebrates also eat live plants. Hobbyists use aquatic plants for aquascaping, of several aesthetic styles.
[12] [13] Complete nitrification, the conversion of ammonia to nitrate in a single step known as comammox, has an energy yield (∆G°′) of −349 kJ mol −1 NH 3, while the energy yields for the ammonia-oxidation and nitrite-oxidation steps of the observed two-step reaction are −275 kJ mol −1 NH 3, and −74 kJ mol −1 NO 2 − ...
An aquarium near a window is likely to be overgrown with algae. A material known as a "phosphate sponge" is available at aquarium shops to leach the phosphate out of the aquarium and reduce the growth of algae. Also, plants such as java moss (not java fern) compete with algae for another necessary plant nutrient, nitrate, and reduce algae growth.
Aquatic plant management involves the science and methodologies used to control invasive and non-invasive aquatic plant species in waterways. Methods used include spraying herbicide, biological controls, mechanical removal as well as habitat modification. [1] Preventing the introduction of invasive species is ideal.
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